Women's entrepreneurship

Table of Contents
Contents

List of figures, tables and boxes………………………………………………………………...

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Setting the Scene

Introduction……………………………………
Statement of Aims
Women’s Entrepreneurship Defined
Before We Start- a Few Statistics
The Lure of Business Ownership
Profile of Women Owned Businesses
Book Structure
Chapter 2: The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Learning Outcomes

2.3 Theoretical Grounding of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Approach

2.4 The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Defined

2.5 Ecosystem – Its Theoretical Roots

2.6 An Inclusive Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

2.7 Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Gender

2.8 Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Intermediaries

2.9 Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Critique

2.10 Conclusion

2.11 Discussion Points and Activities

Chapter 3: The Socio-Economic Context of Women’s Entrepreneurship

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Learning Outcomes

3.3 Labour Market Structure

3.4 Occupational Segregation

3.5 Gender Wage Gap

3.6 Work-life Balance

3.7 Workplace Discrimination and the Glass Ceiling Effect

3.8 Segregated Employment Patterns and Women’s Entrepreneurship

3.9 Conclusion

3.10 Discussion Points and Activities

Chapter 4: Women’s Entrepreneurship Policy

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Learning Outcomes

4.3 Entrepreneurship Policy Efforts

4.4 Women’s Entrepreneurship Policy

4.5 Fix the Woman Approach

4.6 Evaluation of Entrepreneurship Policy

4.7 Lean in Solutions

4.8 Gender Mainstreaming

4.9 Conclusion

4.10 Discussion Points and Activities

Chapter 5: Entrepreneurship as Gendered

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Learning Outcomes

5.3 The question should not be ‘who is an entrepreneur’ but rather ‘who is an entrepreneuse’?

5.4 Societal Gendered Expectations

5.5 Gender Stereotypes and Entrepreneurial Intentions

5.6 The Implications of the Androcentric Entrepreneurial Mentality

5.7 The Female Under-Performance Hypothesis

5.8 Conclusion

Chapter 6: Feminist Methodological Approaches

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Learning Outcomes

6.3 What is Gender?

6.4 Is Gender a Performance or a Performative?

6.5 Using Gender as a Lens to Explore Women’s Entrepreneurship

6.6 Feminist Research Methodologies

6.6.1 Liberal Feminist Theory

6.6.2 Social Feminist Theory

6.6.3 Poststructuralist Feminist Theory

6.7 Postfeminism

6.8 Intersectionality of Gender

6.9 Queer Theory

6.10 Masculinity Studies

6.11 Gay Entrepreneurship

6.12 Feminist Sensitive Approaches

6.13 Narrative Approaches

6.14 Reflexivity

6.15 Conclusion

Chapter 7: Family in Women-Owned Businesses and Women in Family Businesses

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Learning Outcomes

7.3 The Double Shift

7.4 Impact of Family on Business

7.5 Market Work versus Housework

7.6 Family Embeddedness

7.7 The "5M" Framework

7.8 The paradox of empowering women and the debate around mumpreneurship.

7.9 Women in Family Business

7.10 Succession

7.11 Copreneurship

7.12 Conclusion

7.13 Discussion Points and Activities

Chapter 8: Non-Financial Entrepreneurial Capital

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Learning Outcomes

8.3 Entrepreneurial Capital Accrual

8.4 Human Capital

8.5 Financial Capital

8.6 Social Capital

8.7 Female Networking

8.8 Formal Networking Mechanisms

8.9 Symbolic Capital

8.10 Conclusion

8.11 Discussion Points and Activities

Chapter 9: Financing Women-Owned Businesses

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Learning Outcomes

9.3 Accessing Finance

9.4 Challenges faced by Female Entrepreneurs

9.5 Pecking Order Hypothesis

9.6 Bank Finance

9.7 Demand-Side Risk Aversion

9.8 Venture Capital

9.9 Business Angels

9.10 Crowd Funding

9.11 Conclusion

Chapter 10: Emerging Technologies and Women’s Entrepreneurship

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Learning Outcomes:

10.3 Technology and Entrepreneurship

10.4 STEM Entrepreneurship

10.5 The Pipeline Effect

10.6 Inherent Masculinity of Technology

10.7 Intersection of Gender and Technology Venturing

10.8 Fitting in whilst standing out

10.9 Digital Entrepreneurship and Gender

10.10 Social Media and Gender

10.11 Cyberfeminism

10.12 Conclusion

10.13 Discussion Points and Activities

Chapter 11: Contextualisation of Women’s Entrepreneurship

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Learning Outcomes

11.3 The Argument for a Contextualised Approach

11.4 Context Defined

11.5 Waves of Contextualization in Entrepreneurship Research

11.6 Entrepreneurship in Context

11.7 The Embeddedness of Women’s Entrepreneurship

11.8 Moving Forward

11.9 Conclusion

11.10 Discussion Points and Activities

Chapter 12: Conclusion: Exploring Future Research Agendas in the Field of Gender and Entrepreneurship by Susan Marlow

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Past Themes and Concerns

12.3 Moving Forward – Potential Research Opportunities and Pathways

12.4 Theoretical Gender and Entrepreneurship

12.5 Intersectionality

12.6 Context

12.7 Finance

12.8 Social Entrepreneurship

12.9 Households

12.10 Researching Gender and Entrepreneurship

12.11 Concluding Remarks

Drawing on the entrepreneurial ecosystem as a frame of reference, this new edition of Female Entrepreneurship – Women’s Entrepreneurship – continues to challenge contemporary assumptions regarding who or what is an entrepreneur. It draws upon relevant literature and research to enable research-led teaching delivery and provides students with a comprehensive understanding of women’s entrepreneurship and a solid foundation from which they can pursue further studies.

Informative but concise, Women’s Entrepreneurship covers key concepts, issues, themes and approaches and provides useful suggested topics for debate. Updates include a revised chapter on Emerging Technologies and Women’s Entrepreneurship, which explores digital entrepreneurship and cyberfeminism. Contextualisation of Women’s Entrepreneurship acknowledges the broader contextual influences on women’s entrepreneurship. Finally, two new chapters have been added looking at The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Women’s Entrepreneurship Policy. International case studies explore the socio-economic context for women’s entrepreneurship in regional, national and international economies. Pedagogy to aid learning is incorporated throughout, including learning outcomes, boxes to highlight key research insights and best practice as well as discussion points and activities.

This book is important supplementary reading on entrepreneurship, small business management and women's and gender studies courses – it will prove particularly useful to women moving towards starting their own business as well as postgraduate students researching the topic for the first time.